brief definition about eco system of different scholars
Definitions of eco system
1. Eco system is the fictional unit of ecology and through a simplest definition, "Eco system is a set of components (living and non living) interacting with each other". 2. Another simplest and easies definition of eco system is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
3. No single organism, species or a population can produce food at its own and completely recycle it into own metabolic products. The sun being the ultimate source of energy initiates the process of food production. Several interacting populations regulate the flow of energy and complete the chemicla cycles. The smallest unit for such setup is known as an eco system.
4. An eco system is a group of interconnected elements, formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment.
5. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms called producers, consumers, and decomposers. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. The relationship between the abiotic components and the biotic components of the ecosystem is termed 'holocoenosis'. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem, which is probably true).
Life can sustain as earth as a part of eco system and not as individual organisms or populations. As for example, green plants can make complex organic compounds using inorganic components as carbon dioxide and water but green plants cannot degrade the complex compounds back to its simple inorganic form. Here comes the role of micro organisms like bacteria and fungi that do not produce food like green plants but obtain their nutrition by dead and decaying tissues. A system works only when all the partners contribute and perform their functions.
Do not run inside the computer lab. Take a note of all the exits in the room, and also take note of the location of fire extinguishers in the room for the sake of fire safety. Try not to type continuously for extremely long periods. Look away from the screen once in a while to give your eyes a rest. Do not touch any exposed wires or sockets. Avoid making loud noises and speaking loudly. Do not attempt to open any machines, and do not touch the backs of machines when they are switched on. Do not spill water or any other liquid on the machine, in order to maintain electrical safety.
There is a lot of equipment in computer labs that could short circuit itself or cause electric shocks, so one needs to be very careful.
Rules for protecting equipment
Do not bring any food or drinks near the machine. Turn off the machine you were using, when you are done using it. Do not access external devices without scanning them for computer viruses. Ensure that the temperature in the room stays cool, since there are a lot of machines inside a lab, and there can overheat easily. This is one of the many ways of ensuring computer safety. Try not to touch any of the circuit boards and power sockets when something in connected to them and switched on. Always maintain an extra copy of all your important data. Dust can effect computers adversely. Ensure that the machines are cleaned on a regular basis and covered properly.
Computer works with its speed, whenever there is development in computers, mostly it is on the basis of speed and working capacity there are some classification of computers which are fit for different works here you can see the classification and further details of these will be discuss below.
1. Super Computer:
These are most sensitive, fastest processing but expensive class of computers. A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the
currently highest operational rate for computers. Extremely fast data processing-oriented
computer whose number crunching power is (presently) measured in hundreds of
billions of floating point operations (gigaflops). Supercomputers rely on
parallel-processing technology and can use only a few but very complex programs
in modeling economy behavior, nuclear reactions, meteorological and
neurological phenomenon, etc. First supercomputer (Cray-1) was made in 1976 by
the US engineer Roger Cray (1925-1996).A supercomputer is typically used for
scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases
or do a great amount of computation (or both).
2. Main Frame Computer:
Fast, large in size and memory, Multi-user purpose but expensive. Most of peoples belongs to information technology and computer related
field, consider the mainframe’s birth to coincide with the April 7, 1964,
announcement of the IBM System/360 line of computers. Furthermore, these
previous computers were incompatible with each other from both a hardware and
software perspective.That’s why we can
say, that the history shows that in a sense the modern mainframe has come full
circle.
3. Mini Computer:
Less number of computers attached with a main computer, as compared with main frame.
3. Micro Computer:
Small sized computers with fast microprocessors are called micro computers. Personal computer, laptop, palm top, tablets, smart mobile phones, smart boards are some types of micro computers.
what is the definition of ram and also define types of ram
RAM definition
1. RAM is an acronym for random access memory,
a type of computer
memory that can be accessed randomly; that
is, any byte
of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most
common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.
2. The
main memory in a computer, smartphone or tablet. RAM is the temporary work space
where instructions are executed and data are processed. What makes RAM
"random access" is its capability of reading and writing any single
byte. This "byte address ability" differs from storage devices such as
hard disks and flash memory chips, which read and write sectors containing
multiple bytes.
3. Random-access memory (RAM) is a type of storage for computer
systems that makes it possible to access data very quickly in random order. The
term RAM has become associated with the main memory of a computer system.
4. RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer, tablet, mobile where
the operating
system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so
that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor.
RAM is much faster to read from and write. However, the data in RAM
stays there only as long as your computer is running. When you turn the
computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your
operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from
your hard disk.
RAM types mostly used in computing devices.
Because of power, price, storage and functionality, RAM can be divided into two basic types.
1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
1. SRAM
This is a type of memory chip
which is faster and requires less power than dynamic memory. Static random access memory (SRAM)
that requires 6 transistors. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster.DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times
per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it
faster than DRAM.Like DRAM it retains
data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied.SRAM can give access times as low as 10
nanoseconds.
1. DRAM
It is mostly used in computing devices (primarily PCs). The most common type of RAM is dynamic RAM
(DRAM). This type of
random-access memory stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit. This captivator needs to be refreshed often
otherwise information fades. DRAM has one capacitor and one transistor per bit The capacitors and transistors that are used
are exceptionally small. There are millions of capacitors and transistors that
fit on one single memory chip. DRAM supports access times of
about 60 nanoseconds.
Types of SRAM
SRAM can be divided into three main types.
1. Level 1 cache (L1)
2. Level 2 cache (L2)
3. Level 3 cache (L3)
Types of DRAM
Because of wider usage and changing in technology day by day DRAM can be into different types describe below.
1. FPM
(fast page mode DRAM). Introduced in 1987.An early form of DRAM. This computer memory type was frequently mounted
on a SIMM in 486 and early Pentium computers.
2. EDO
(extended data output). EDO offers a slight performance boost over FPM.Introduced in 1995, EDO requires a specific
chip set and is limited to bus speeds of 66 MHz. These chips are mounted on
SIMM modules.
3. BEDO (burst
EDO RAM). This is a faster version of the EDO RAM chip in which read and
write operations send bursts of data in batches of four.
4. SDRAM
(synchronous DRAM). SDRAM synchronizes itself with the microprocessor clock
speed allowing faster access to memory. These chips are mounted on DIMM memory
modules and are classified according to the CPU speed they are designed to
support.
5. ESDRAM
(enhanced SDRAM). This version of SDRAM includes a small SRAM cache in
order to reduce latency and speed up operations.
6. SLDRAM
(synchronous link dynamic RAM). This is an advance prototype version of
SDRAM, which was designed as a royalty-free.An open-industry standard design alternative to RDRAM.
7. DDR
(double data rate SDRAM). DDR allows data transfers on both the rising and
falling edges of the clock cycle, which doubles the data throughput. DDR SDRAM
chips are mounted on 184-pin DIMM modules and are typically available in 128 Mb
to 1 GB capacity. They operate at different bus speeds like 266, 333, 400 MHz.
8. DDR2.
These chips are the next generation of DDR SDRAM memory. They are mounted on
240-pin DIMM modules, can operate at higher bus speeds and have a capacity to
hold 256 Mb to 2 GB of memory. DDR2 has twice the latency of DDR but delivers
data at twice the speed of DDR.
9. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM). A proprietary
protocol-based, high-speed memory technology developed by Rambus Inc., RDRAM
has current frequencies of 800 MHz to 1200 MHz, and planned chip sets can
expect to reach 1600 MHz. RDRAM RIMMs can only be used on motherboards or
systems specifically designed for them.
10. DDR3 RAM
The main notable improvements that DDR4 makes over its
predecessor, DDR3, are a greater range of available clock speeds and
timings, lower power consumption, and reduced latency. With DDR3, the
options for your clock speed (i.e., how fast the RAM can read or write
data) are primarily geared to one of four different choices: 1333Mhz,
1600Mhz, 1866Mhz, and 2133Mhz, with 2133Mhz being the maximum limit. 800Mhz and
1066Mhz configurations do technically still exist, but for the most part these
have been phased out of production in favor of their faster cousins.
11. DDR4 RAM
DDR4 SDRAM is the abbreviation for "double data rate
fourth generation synchronous dynamic random-access memory", the latest
variant of memory in computing. DDR4 is able to achieve higher speed and
efficiency thanks to increased transfer rates and decreased voltage. Samsung manufactured the first DDR4 memory
console in 2011.
First off, DDR4
operates at a lower voltage than DDR3. DDR4 runs at 1.2 volts, down from 1.5.
It doesn't sound like much, and it's really not for your typical home PC. Most
Haswell-E desktop systems (where you'll most often see DDR4 in use) will
operate somewhere in the 300W to 1200W range. The voltage difference for those
numbers might account for a 15W savings over DDR3—not a lot for a home user.
But for server farms and other large-scale computer architectures, where you
could have hundreds of systems running thousands of DDR4 modules, that 15W
difference adds up. Another big difference between DDR3 and DDR4 is speed. DDR3
specifications started at 800 MT/s (or Millions of Transfers per second) and
some went as high as 2133. DDR4, meanwhile, starts at 2133 MHz. The increased
speed means an overall increase in bandwidth.
